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Analysis of Mlks Three Ways of Meeting Oppression

Oppression and injustice have been prevalent issues in society since the formation of this country. During the 1960’s, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a influential advocate for equal rights, especially in the South. He discussed possible solutions to such social issues in his speeches and essays. One essay, â€Å"Three ways of meeting oppression,† introduces acceptable solutions that can be seen as rational and ethical, as well as emotionally appealing. The significance of such solutions can not be refuted, although the techniques may have opposition. Overall, King contributed vital information benefiting the struggle against injustice within his essay. King discusses his point of view regarding various techniques that can be utilized to†¦show more content†¦It can be said that taking a stand against oppression was not worth the risk. One who is oppressed may believe that his life, or the life of his family, is not worth jeopardizing for the results of an unknown outcome. It may be seen as undeserving to fight for a battle that will necessitate many sacrifices until minute changes will be apparent. Opponents to King’s ideas may even say that although the long term results may be valuable, the immediate repercussions are so detrimental that they are not worth the sacrifice. King’s ideas regarding civil rights and injustice are valued by most people, and this essay demonstrates how articulate and meaningful his words truly are. Although opposite views can be noted, based on the logistical aspects of struggle, the rational, ethical, and emotional views that King expressed can not accurately be refuted. This essay precisely expresses the importance of fighting for justice, and the correct manner in which to do

Swot Analysis to Six Sigma Free Essays

In 1981 Motorola launched an initiative calling for a 5-year, 10X improvement in quality. In 1987 Motorola initiated its â€Å"Six Sigma Quality† initiative, with the goal of no more than 3. 4 defective parts per million (ppm) across the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis to Six Sigma or any similar topic only for you Order Now A 4-year 100X quality improvement goal was set. In 1988, Motorola won the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. Motorola then shared its â€Å"Six Sigma† approach with other companies. In 1989, Motorola Chairman, Bob Galvin asked Mikel Harry to head the Six Sigma Research Institute, an organization that received funding from a number of Fortune 500 companies . In 1993 Mikel Harry left Motorola and went to Asea Brown Boveria Ltd. (ABB). Here, the strategy changed from â€Å"Quality First† to â€Å"Business First. † AlliedSignal implemented Six Sigma in 1994 and claimed savings of $1. 2 billion by 1998. Bossidy, CEO of AlliedSignal, convinced General Electric’s Jack Welch to try Six Sigma. The huge savings due to using Six Sigma were claimed in the GE Annual Report, Letter to Our Shareholders, February 12, 1999. With successes like these and strong business leaders like Jack Welsh and Bossidy, the demand for Six Sigma has exploded. Many Fortune 500 companies have begun Six Sigma initiatives and others have asked if Six Sigma is right for them. Numerous consulting firms have jumped on the bandwagon, including ASQ, and numerous articles and books have appeared on the subject. Many product and service advertisements are now mentioning Six Sigma. The term Six Sigma defines an optimum measurement of quality: 3. 4 defects per million events. The Greek letter SIGMA is a mathematical term that simply represents a measure of variation, the distribution or spread around the mean or average of any process or procedure in manufacturing, engineering, services or transactions. The sigma value, or standard deviation, indicates how well any process is performing. The higher the value, the fewer defects per million opportunities. One of Motorola’s most significant contributions was to change the discussion of quality from one where quality levels were measured in percentages (parts per hundred) to a discussion of parts per million or even parts per billion. Motorola correctly pointed out that modern technology was so complex that old ideas about acceptable quality levels were no longer acceptable. One puzzling aspect of the â€Å"official† Six Sigma literature is that it states that a process operating at Six Sigma levels will produce 3. 4 parts-per-million nonconformances. However, if a normal distribution table is consulted (very few go out to six sigma), one finds that the expected nonconformances are 0. 002 parts per million (two parts per billion). The difference occurs because Motorola presumes that the process mean can drift 1. 5 sigma in either direction. The area of a normal distribution beyond 4. 5 sigma from the mean is indeed 3. 4 parts per million. Because control charts will easily detect any process shift of this magnitude in a single sample, the 3. 4 parts per million represents a very conservative upper bound on the nonconformance rate. Notes 1: the quality evolution of motorola 1979 â€Å"our quality sucks† 981 Motorola university, quality goal 10x reduction in 5 years 1985 Initiate corporate quality metrix 1987 Six Sigma program: 10x reduction in 2 years 1989 Received Malcolm Baldridge Award 1992 10x reduction in cycle time: customer satisfaction metrix 1996 order fulfillment quality 1997 Five Nines with an eyes on the customer Notes 2: six sigma history 1987 Motorola adopts six sigma 1991 Allied Signal adopts six sigma (Larry Bossidy) 1995 GE adopts six sigma (Jack Welch) 1997 Six sigma adopted in GE capit al (service industry) How to cite Swot Analysis to Six Sigma, Papers

Aids in Cchildren Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Aids in Cchildren and Problems. Answer: Introduction AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, an infection which makes it difficult for the human body to resist contagious diseases. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by contaminating and injuring part of the human body's resistances against any infection, mainly the white blood cells called CD4 helper lymphocytes (Chi et al., 2014). Children confront an impenetrable limit in various Indian social demands and keep devastating. This condition draws in cover of the illness and weakens kids and their guardians from getting to available basic services. This report gives a review of the related formed work and brings a learning into a remarkable mix of issues that become particularly out of the HIV certification, including the social environments in the spread of HIV, and in making snags to finding the opportunity to mind (Janesltt, Kottorp Granlund, 2014). The audit sees general attempts and abutting rehearses that have ensured better access to against retro viral treatment and have actuated drawn out survival reduced in the vertical transmission of HIV in India. Body Internationally, a every single minute, a child is considered with HIV, bore by their mother in the midst of pregnancy, or improvement (Dias et al., 2014). There are 3.2 million youngsters more vivacious than 15 years living with HIV around the globe. The Indian Government have assessed that 3.5% of the 2.5 million HIV-beneficial individuals are children 15 years old. In India, the rate of perinatal transmission of HIV is 5.7%, with around 23 000 beginning late considered HIV undermined kids dependably. A little degree are demolished by polluted needles and unsafe blood transfusion, yet mother-to-tyke transmission of HIV is by a wide edge the most epic course of transmission in youngsters 15 years (Doku, Dotshe Menash, 2015). In this way, persuading affiliation regarding the polluting in pregnant women is essential for the staying away from of HIV transmission to kids. In the midst of 2013, around 54% of pregnant women overall were not tried HIV and were along these lines careless of their HIV status; of the all inclusive community who got tried and were bankrupt down to be destroyed, 70% gotten the essential treatment predicted that would dodge mother-to-tyke transmission, in this manner avoiding around 900,000 new HIV pollutions in young people (Yi et al., 2015). The general rate of mother-to-tyke transmission declined to around 17% in 2013, however this was still well underneath the target set by the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS in its 'Begin to Zero' Global Plan, of wiping out new HIV pollutions among youngsters and keeping their Mothers alive by 2015 (Zhao et al., 2015). More masterminded young people in India can in like way be feeble against getting the malady especially if they encounter the terrible impacts of insane discouraging and are living in the city (Khaksour et al., 2014). Social issues that join about this get of young sters are multifaceted and join child trafficking, and destroy for sex and cheap work. Kids with longstanding HIV illness routinely go up against wide physical difficulties including surrendered headway and change and late youth. Mental and social portions essentially impact the capacity to manage the disease as these youngsters are run up against with the issues of revealing their status, move from pediatric to grown-up care, and the decision of sensible treatment regimens and adherence (Mohamed et al., 2016). Their controllers reliably fear the effect of divulgence on the tyke's mental status and enthusiastic success and tend to support that disguising the HIV status is to the child's good position. On the off chance that the condition is directed sufficiently, the move of HIV from an uncommon terminal affliction to a steady sensible sickness will have honest to goodness comes about for kids. There is a need in this party of patients for propelling psycho-social support to help change in accordance with the ailment and additionally rather the transitioning from youth to adulthood and related issues of heading, business, organized assets, sexuality and affiliations. There is a verbalized need for a solid sponsorship to execute approvals on fundamental advantages of these adolescents India concerning seeing HIV as there has been a move to the more viable arrangement regimens taking after the present WHO suggestions (Sharer, Cluver Shields, 2015). Pregnancy in women seen to be contaminated by HIV ought to be named high-chance pregnancy and overseen by a multidisciplinary gathering. The quick worries of a lady educated of HIV ailment in pregnancy are maybe reinforce and controlling particularly concerning her own particular flourishing, likelihood of fetal sullying and how to avoid it, and introduction to her extra and relatives. As requirements be, the support offered for HIV-positive ladies ought to join social and mental support and besides therapeutic association (Diagnosing, 2015). Be that as it may, more youths are getting ART by and large, get to remains inadmissible low with just three of every ten qualified kids are enduring HIV treatment around the world. The circumstance for youngsters in India is basically indistinguishable where they are under-tended to among those getting ART. The WHO fortifies the need to contact kids as before timetable as could sensibly be typical, embracing start of ART for all HIV-positive youngsters more lively than 5 years. Beginning at now, 2.6 million youngsters worldwide are met all prerequisites for treatment (Machine et al., 2014). In India, there are around 145 000 kids underneath the age of 15 years living with HIV, and as of March 2014, the measure of Increased absence of insurance to HIV and different illnesses Exploitative tyke work and sexual manhandle Life in the city Reduced access to success associations Nutrition, haven and material needs Withdrawal from school Problems with legacy Economic issues Death of guards Psychosocial bother Children progress toward getting the opportunity to be thought suppliers Increasingly true blue contamination Pediatric HIV/AIDS. Pregnancy in women seen to be infected by HIV ought to be delegated high-chance pregnancy and coordinated by a multidisciplinary gathering. The incite worries of a lady trained of HIV sickness in pregnancy are maybe support and controlling particularly concerning her own specific thriving, likelihood of fetal pollution and how to dismiss it, and introduction to her embellishment and relatives (Rosala-Hallas, Bartlett Filteau, 2017). Thus, the support offered for HIV-positive ladies ought to circuit social and mental Support and moreover remedial association. Despite the fact that more young people are getting ART all around, Access remains unsatisfactorily low with just 3 of 10 qualified youngsters are enduring HIV treatment around the world. The circumstance for youngsters in India is comparative where they are under-tended to among those getting ART. The WHO strengthens the need to connect with youngsters as fitting on time as could be typical in light of the present circumstance, suggesting start of ART for all HIV-positive youths more youthful than 5 years. Beginning at now, 2.6 million youngsters worldwide are met all necessities for treatment. Kids enrolled in ART focuses was 1 06 824 young people, 42 015 of whom are enduring free ART. Early finding and treatment start are basic to redesign association of HIV-corrupted youngsters. Notwithstanding the route that there is an improvement in early finding among newborn child kids, aspiring begin of treatment is not understood, and thus, there is a slack of ART game-plan in youths as separated and grown-ups. Highlight has been laid on changing the treatment suggestions for kids with those of grown-up, for example, the utilization of strong first-line regimens with non-thymidine analogs, viral load based viewing and protease inhibitor based as a first-line regimens in young people 3 years self-governing of their mom's status. With respect to infected children, the key preparatory strides for better association are dealing with early affirmation and treatment start. Be that as it may, stream regimens have broadly and generally lessened AIDS related leading diseases and deaths, bolster in care with persevering adherence is fundamental to satisfy and keep up viral mask and what's more keep up a vital separation from cure resistance. Openness of settled estimation mixes has incited regimens with lower risk, chopped down pill weight and lower rehash of drug affiliation, which are portions related with better adherence and clinical results. Regardless, these young people confront overwhelming difficulties of significant appended adherence and prologue to perhaps perilous drugs requiring proceeded with watchfulness concerning being stranded or having guardians who are themselves doing combating the consequences of HIV. Treating the HIV pollution must be supplemented by directing other similarly gigantic perspectives being the profitable tireless association of synchronous sound deficiencies and co morbidities, which are common fortifications, and moreover deliberately keeping an eye out for the making psycho-social, money related and formative necessities of these youngsters as they make. It is chafing to note that patients are encountering firsthand second-line treatment disappointments in asset restricted settings and beginning at now have no or constrained access to third-line regimens. Reinforcing think about severe dislike and watch over HIV, making illustrative tests and tyke sincere plans including third-line and defend regimens quickly accessible in asset obliged settings are direly required. The focused on mediations and treatment are twisting up obviously more wide in India. These attempts must be regulated and extended quickly in high-chance zones and fulfill those individuals packages that are most at risk HIV transmission from mother to kid has been in a general sense disposed of in the made world, demonstrating that HIV sullying by techniques for this course is, figuratively, preventable (Puthanakit et al., 2013). Late advances in ART, the execution of antenatal screening and the work of early treatment, incite an amazing diminishing to an inconsequential rate in perinatal transmission in most high-wage nations, with some low-and center pay nations truly drawing nearer towards completing this. Considering all things, this course of transmission has not been bewildered totally and children general keep being considered with HIV. Parent-to-tyke transmission of HIV in India can be controlled with comprehensive screening and treatment scope. Sensible antenatal, perinatal and postnatal relationship over each and every geographic inspiration driving control are major in lessening transmission by strategies for the mother-to-tyke course (Sherr et al., 2014). In such way, advance has been made in India as the nation with everything considered sufficiently moves to the more solid treatment regimen stagedly, as shown by the present WHO proposition. Correspondingly, there have been neighborhood sharpens in India and what's more broad attempts to pass on issues to light of the issue of the high rate of HIV contamination in ladies and kids. The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS in its 'Start to Zero' Global Plan explained a commitment towards the aggregate of new HIV diseases among adolescents and keeping their moms alive. UNICEF report (2013) clutches the colossal run of the mill as to effort approach of following up ladies who have attempted positive, through their pregnancy and headway and the continuum of bolster these ladies and their families (Ananworanich et al., 2014). Conclusion Changing assumptions and modifying points of view and lead have a noteworthy part in dealing with the social Oral Diseases HIV/AIDS in ladies and young people in India Conclusion Marking the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women on 25 November, the UNAIDS concentrated on that delightful zero versatility for violence against ladies and young ladies and seeing firm sex adjust are basic for satisfying the objective of seeing the total of the AIDS torment. There are general endeavors to bolster the Indian government to stop and turn the HIV/AIDS scourge in India, and decline its impact on affected ladies and adolescents. UNICEF is helping the relationship to enhance the endeavors of keeping the vertical transmission of disease. HIV and to make access to treatment. There is support for the decay of nonappearance of regard and maul individuals living with HIV to guarantee that they get proportionate access to remedial affiliations procedure and social affiliations (Skeen et al., 2015). General workshops, for example, the World Workshop for HIV/AIDS held in Hyderabad, India, in 2015 join specialists from around the globe to see and main impetus investigate, clinical and social HIV-related issues and expansion nature with the particular difficulties that HIV is showing up in India References Chi, P., Li, X., Zhao, J., Zhao, G. (2014). Vicious circle of perceived stigma, enacted stigma and depressive symptoms among children affected by HIV/AIDS in China.AIDS and Behavior,18(6), 1054-1062. Janesltt, G., Kottorp, A., Granlund, M. (2014). Evaluating intervention using time aids in children with disabilities.Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy,21(3), 181-190. Dias, C. F., Moreira-Silva, S. F., Reis, M. A., Patrcio, L. R., Gavioli, C. F. B., Miranda, A. E. (2014). Late diagnosis and HIV infection in children attending a service of specialized care for pediatric AIDS in Brazil.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical,47(1), 93-96. Doku, P. N., Dotse, J. E., Mensah, K. A. (2015). Perceived social support disparities among children affected by HIV/AIDS in Ghana: a cross-sectional survey.BMC public health,15(1), 538. Yi, S., Chhoun, P., Brant, S., Kita, K., Tuot, S. (2015). Improving Education Opportunity, Health, and Quality of Life of Orphans and Vulnerable Children: The Sustainable Action against HIV and AIDS in Communities (SAHACOM). Khakshour, A., Taghizadeh Moghadam, H., Kiani, M. A., Saeidi, M., Zarif, B. (2014). Key Facts about Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Children Worldwide.International Journal of Pediatrics,2(2.2), 145-152. Zhao, Q., Li, X., Gu, C., Zhao, J., Zhao, G. (2015). Correlates and mediators of problem behaviors among children affected by HIV/AIDS in rural China: a structural equation modeling analysis.Journal of Child and Family Studies,24(10), 2892-2904. Mohamad, S., Khan, I., Hey, S. Y., Hussain, S. M. (2016). A systematic review on skin complications of bone-anchored hearing aids in relation to surgical techniques.European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology,273(3), 559-565. Skeen, S., Macedo, A., Tomlinson, M., Hensels, I. S., Sherr, L. (2016). Exposure to violence and psychological well-being over time in children affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa and Malawi.AIDS care,28(sup1), 16-25. Sharer, M., Cluver, L., Shields, J. (2015). Mental Health of Youth Orphaned due to AIDS in South Africa: biological and supportive links to caregivers.Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies,10(2), 141-152. Diagnosing, H. I. V. (2015). WHATS NEW IN INFANT DIAGNOSIS.age,3, 4. Machine, E. M., Gillespie, S. L., Homedes, N., Selwyn, B., Ross, M. W., Anabwani, G., ... Kline, M. (2015). P17. 21 Failure to engage as key factor of loss to follow-up from care and treatment among hiv-infected children in botswana: a case-control study. Rosala-Hallas, A., Bartlett, J. W., Filteau, S. (2017). Growth of HIV-exposed uninfected, compared with HIV-unexposed, Zambian children: a longitudinal analysis from infancy to school age.BMC pediatrics,17(1), 80. Ananworanich, J., Puthanakit, T., Suntarattiwong, P., Chokephaibulkit, K., Kerr, S. J., Fromentin, R., ... Chomont, N. (2014). Reduced markers of HIV persistence and restricted HIV-specific immune responses after early antiretroviral therapy in children.Aids,28(7), 1015-1020. Sherr, L., Cluver, L. D., Betancourt, T. S., Kellerman, S. E., Richter, L. M., Desmond, C. (2014). Evidence of impact: health, psychological and social effects of adult HIV on children.Aids,28, S251-S259. Puthanakit, T., Ananworanich, J., Vonthanak, S., Kosalaraksa, P., Hansudewechakul, R., van der Lugt, J., ... Luesomboon, W. (2013). Cognitive function and neurodevelopmental outcomes in HIV-infected children older than 1 year of age randomized to early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy: the PREDICT neurodevelopmental study.The Pediatric infectious disease journal,32(5), 501.

Fair Labor Standards Act Essay Example

Fair Labor Standards Act Essay Today we are fortunate to have laws to protect us from being forced to work excessive hours without being fairly compensated. We have laws to protect our children from being forced to work at an early age and these laws protect us from working in unsafe and unhealthy conditions. In 1938 our 32nd president Franklin D. Roosevelt was able to have the â€Å"Fair Labor Standards Act† passed and signed into law. This piece of legislation was a land mark in our history. It banned most child labor; it set a minimum hourly wage and set the standard work week. This was the beginning that made employers develop records to keep track of the wages that they paid to their employees and records of the hours the employees were working. The Supreme Court had been one of the major obstacles to wage-hour and child-labor laws. In the 1936 Presidential race wage-hour legislation was a campaign issue and Roosevelt promised to seek some constitutional way of protecting workers. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt won the 1936 election by a landslide he was determined to overcome the obstacles of the Supreme Court’s opposition as soon as possible. Roosevelt and his Secretary of Labor, Frances Perkins tried to make a model for employers of government contractors in all fields, not just construction. But the Federal Government actually encouraged employers to exploit labor because the Government had to award every contract to the lowest bidder. We will write a custom essay sample on Fair Labor Standards Act specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fair Labor Standards Act specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fair Labor Standards Act specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer President Roosevelt and Frances Perkins continued to try to get congress to pass acts to prohibit the labor of children and set minimum wages and hours. The â€Å"Fair Labor Standard Act† in a draft form was sent to the White House where two trusted legal advisers of the President, and with the Supreme Court in mind, added new provisions to the already lengthy bill. Roosevelt had told his Secretary of Labor, that the length and complexity of the bill caused some of its difficulties with Congress, and asked for it to be shortened. Lawyers tried to simplify the bill but faced the problem that, although legal language makes legislation difficult to understand, bills written in simple English are often difficult for the courts to enforce. Because the wage-hour, child-labor bill had been drafted with the Supreme Court in mind, the bill could only be cut from 40 pages to 10 pages. The bill was voted upon May 24, 1938 and after the House had passed the bill, the Senate-House Conference Committee made more changes to reconcile differences. During the legislative battles over fair labor standards, members of Congress had proposed 72 amendments. Almost every change had exemptions, narrowed coverage, lowered standards, weakened administration, limited investigation, or in some other way worked to weaken the bill. What had survived was approved by the conference committee and passed the House on June 13, 1938 and then the Senate approved it. Congress then sent the bill to the President, and on June 25, 1938, the President signed the Fair Labor Standards Act into law. This affected industries that employed about one-fifth of the US workforce. About 700,000 workers were affected by the wage increase and 13 million more were affected by the hour’s provision. It mostly affected white males, and about 14 percent of women (http://www. u-s-history. com). Children under the age of fourteen were no longer legally allowed to work with some exceptions in the agricultural industries and family businesses. Children under the age of eighteen were banned from working â€Å"hazardous† jobs in mining and some factory jobs. This had greatly reduced the number of children injured by bad working conditions. Children between the ages of 14 and 16 have had additional restrictions on the number of hours they are allowed to work to encourage them to stay in school. During a school day they are only allowed to work three hours and no more than eighteen hours in a school week. Children are not allowed to work before 7a. m. and after 7 p. m. , and from June 1 through Labor Day they are not allowed to work after 9 p. m. The 14 and 15 year old also have addition al restrictions in addition to the â€Å"hazardous† jobs that they may not perform. These jobs include the food service industry such as baking, cooking, working in the freezers and meat coolers, operating food slicers, grinders, choppers and bakery mixers. Fourteen and fifteen year olds are also not to perform jobs that require loading or unloading goods on or off of trucks, railcars or conveyors and they are not to work in connection with maintenance or repair of buildings, equipment or machines. Employers may be assessed civil monetary penalties of up to $11,000 for each employee who is the subject of a violation of the Act’s child labor provisions. A civil monetary penalty of up to $50,000 may be assessed for each child labor violation that causes the death or serious injury of any minor employee, and these assessments may be doubled, up to $100,000 when the violations are determined to be willful or repeated (LindenMeyer, 2004). In the â€Å"Fair Labor Standard Act† the federal minimum wage began at 25 cents per hour in 1938 and it has had over twenty amendments made over the years for increases. The latest rate of $7. 25 per hour was effective on July 24, 2009. In addition to a minimum wage employers must pay the employee’s wages in cash or something that can easily be converted to cash or legal forms of compensation, for example food and lodging. Employers cannot pay their employees with coupons or tokens that can only be used in a store owned by the employer. Discounts that are granted to employees by the employers cannot be used towards meeting the minimum wage requirement. There are a number of employment practices which ‘Fair Labor Standard Act† does not regulate. They are vacation, holiday, severance, or sick pay; meal or rest periods, holidays off, or vacations; premium pay for weekend or holiday work; pay raises or fringe benefits; or a discharge notice, reason for discharge, or immediate payment of final wages to terminated employees. The standard work week in 1938 was reduced to 44 hours per week, and if employees were to work over that they would be paid over time at a rate of their wages plus one-half wages for the additional time worked. By 1940 the standard work week was reduced to 40 hours per week (www. dol. gov/dol/oasam/programs/history/flsa1938. htm). Despite this law in 2006 a class action law suit was brought against Wal-Mart for not paying its employees for their overtime and forcing them to work through their breaks. Wal-Mart lost the law suit and the workers won $78. 4 million (Worth 2008 p 12). In 1961 an amendment was added to the â€Å"Fair Labor Standard Act† called â€Å"enterprise coverage†. It applies to employers whose annual sales total $500,000. 00 or more, or who are engaged in interstate commerce. The courts interpreted that the term interstate commerce to cover companies that regularly use the U. S. mail to send and receive letters to and from other states. The courts included that employees that use company telephones or computers to place or accept interstate business calls or take orders would make the employers subject to the â€Å"Fair Labor Standard Act† (Steingold, 2009). There are also exemptions to the â€Å"Fair Labor Standard Act† where some employees do not qualify for the provisions of overtime or the minimum wage requirements. These employees who are not entitled to it are called â€Å"exempt† employees. Employees that are always entitled to the overtime and the minimum wage pay provisions are â€Å"nonexempt† employees and they are blue-collar employees and first responders. Blue-collar employees include carpenters, electricians, mechanics, plumbers, iron workers, craftsman, operating engineers, construction works, and laborers. First responders are workers that are on the front lines of protecting safety and health. They include police officers, firefighters, medical technicians, ambulance personnel, and hazardous materials workers. Employees that are always exempt and are never entitled to overtime or a minimum wage are employees of seasonal amusement or recreational businesses, employees of newspapers with a circulation of less than 4,000 and newspaper deliver people, and workers of small farms. Some employees are exempt if they meet certain requirements; this is usually because the employees are being paid a salary that compensates them enough for the extra duties and responsibilities that they have. Executive, administrative and professional workers are exempt if they meet the specific guidelines. The requirements for an exempt executive worker are that they must manage other workers as a primary job duty and have at least two full time employees that they are in charge of. They must have the ability to hire, fire, discipline, promote, and demote others or make recommendations about these decisions. The executive worker must earn a salary of at least $455 per week. The requirements for an administrative employee to qualify as exempt are that they must primarily complete their work directly for the business’s management or administration. They must be independent workers and primarily use their own discretion and judgment on their work duties. The administrative employee also must earn a salary of at least $455 per week. The requirements for an exempt professional are that they complete work that requires invention, imagination, originality, or talents in the arts such as music, writing and acting. They may need to be a highly intellectual and have been trained in extensive studies such as law, medicine, theology, accounting, engineering, architecture, teaching, and pharmacy. The must also earn a salary of at least $455 per week. Outside sales people are exempt if they regularly work away from the employers’ office and make sales or obtain orders or contracts for services or facilities. Exempt salespersons are generally paid through commissions and will require little to no supervision to complete their job. The exemption from the minimum wage and overtime pay provisions also applies to computer specialist that receives a salary of at least no less than $455 per week or not less than $27. 63 per hour. The law specifies that computer specialist’s primary duties involve applying systems analysis techniques and procedures. Designing, developing, documenting, analyzing, creating, testing, or modifying computer systems or programs, prototypes and/or machine operating systems. There are a number of employees that are exempt from only the overtime pay requirements. These include taxicab drivers, announcers, news editors, and chief engineers of radio and TV stations that have fewer than 100,000 people located in a town or city (Repa, 2007 and Steingold, 2009). In 1963 an amendment called the â€Å"Equal Pay Act† had been added to equalize the pay scales for men and women who work at an equal skill, effort and responsibility. Congress felt that the differential in pay prevented the maximization of the available labor resources, they wanted to prevent labor disputes, and they did not want an unfair method of competition. They also felt that the wage differentials depressed the wages and the standard of living. Congress also wanted to eliminate stereotypes about the value of work performed by women. Congress exempted several forms of discrimination from the operation of the Equal Pay Act. These exceptions include shift differentials, restrictions on or differences based on the time of day worked, hours of work, and the lifting or moving of heavy objects. The Equal Pay Act also excluded differences based on experience, training or ability, as well as unusual or higher than normal wage rates which employers maintained for valid reasons. The Equal Pay Act allows for unequal pay for equal work only when wages are set pursuant to a seniority system, a merit system, a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production, or other factors outside of sex (The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc, 1963 and Landsberg, 2004). In 2004 a class action suit was brought against Wal-Mart were 1. 6 million female associates that worked for Wal-Mart felt that they were discriminated against because they were women. These women tried to advance into higher paying positions but were passed over by men/boys who did not have the experience and knowledge that these women had. More than seventy percent of the Wal-Mart workforce is women, sixty-five percent of the cashier and greeter positions are held by women and only thirty-five percent of the assistant managers for Wal-Mart are women. The female employees of Wal-Mart are paid less than the male workforce for jobs that are of equal skill, effort and responsibility all for keeping prices lower for the consumer (Worth, 2008 p 8-12). The Fair Labor Standard Act requires employers to keep records of wages, hours, and other regulated items by the Department of Labor. Most of the information is generally obtained by employers in ordinary business practice and in compliance with other laws and regulations. Employees that are subject to the minimum wage provisions or both the minimum wage and overtime pay provisions must have employers keep the following records with personal information, including employees name, home address, occupation, sex, and birth date if under 19 years of age, the hour and day when workweek begins and the total hours worked each workday and each workweek. These records also need to indicate the total daily or weekly straight-time earnings and the regular hourly pay rate for any week when overtime is worked and total overtime pay for the workweek. In addition to records for hours worked and paid the records also must include deductions from or additions to wages, total wages paid each pay period and the date of payment and pay period covered. The Records required for exempt employees differ from those for nonexempt workers. Special information is required for employees that work from the home and for employees to where lodging is provided (http://www. ol. gov/dol/whd/regs/compliance/hrg. htm). The constitutionality of the â€Å"Fair Labor Standard Act† was unanimously supported by the Supreme Court it has been altered and amended on at least 43 occasions between 1938 and 2009. Those alterations and amendments have provided and clarified benefits to workers in various employment sections, and made increases to the minimum wage. A s a hardworking American we have a right to be paid fairly for our work. It is unfortunate that many unscrupulous employers attempt to manipulate laws intended to protect workers in order to avoid paying just compensation. When this happens, employees can turn to the legal system to ensure that their rights are protected without being discriminated against or discharged for filing a complaint or participate in any proceeding under the Act. ? Repa, Barbara Kate. â€Å"Your Rights in the Workplace† Consolidated Printers Inc, July 2007 Steingold, Fred S. â€Å"The Employers Legal Handbook† â€Å"Manage you employees workplace effectively†. Delta Printing Solutions, Inc, June 2009 The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. â€Å"Equal Pay For Equal Work† BNA Incorporated, 1963 Worth, Richard â€Å"Open for Debate Workers’ Rights† Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2008 Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. Gale Encyclopedia of U. S. Economic History. 1999. Retrieved from Encyclopedia. com: http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-3406400301. html Newman, Roger K. Fair Labor Standards Act (1938). Major Acts of Congress. 2004. Retrieved from Encyclopedia. com: http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-3407400107. html LINDENMEYER, KRISTE. National Child Labor Committee. Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. 2004. Retrieved from Encyclopedia. com: http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-3402800297. html Grossman, Jonathan. â€Å"Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage† www. dol. gov http://www. dol. gov/dol/topic/discrimination/agedisc. htm http://www. dol. gov/dol/oasam/programs/history/flsa1938. htm http://www. dol. gov/dol/whd/regs/compliance/hrg. htm http://www. u-s-history. com/pages/h1701. html Equal Pay Act of 1963. Major Acts of Congress. Ed. Brian K. Landsberg. Macmillan-Thomson Gale, 2004. eNotes. com. 2006. http://www. enotes. com/major-acts-congress/equal-pay-act

How to Study for a Multiple Choice Exam

How to Study for a Multiple Choice Exam Studying for a multiple choice exam is a skill that you can learn, hone, and perfect. These steps for studying for a multiple choice exam will improve your chances of getting the grade you want. Start Studying The First Day of School That sounds crazy, but its true. Your exam prep starts on the first day. Nothing beats time and repetition when it comes to learning. The best way to learn anything is to participate in class, take careful notes during lectures, study for your quizzes, and learn as you go. Then, when its a multiple choice test day, you will just be reviewing the information instead of learning it all for the first time.   Ask for the Multiple Choice Test Content Before you begin officially studying for your exam, ask your teacher or professor for information about the test content with questions like these: Are you providing a study guide?  This should be the first question out of your mouth. You will save yourself a ton of time scavenging through your book and old quizzes if your teacher or professor gives you one of these.  Will vocabulary from this chapter/unit be tested?  If so, how?  If you memorize all the vocabulary with their definitions, but you cant use the words appropriately, then you may have wasted your time. Many teachers will ask for a textbook definition of a vocabulary word, but there are a bunch of teachers who dont care if you know the definition word for word, as long as you can use it or apply it.  Will we need to apply the information weve learned or simply memorize it? This is an important question. A simple knowledge-based multiple choice exam, one where you have to know names, dates, and other detailed info, is pretty easy to study for. Just memorize and go. However, if youre going to need to be able to synthesize, apply, or evaluate the information y ouve learned, that requires a much deeper understanding and more time.   Create a Study Schedule Establish a study schedule at least two weeks before your test day. Using this schedule, you can determine exactly when you have a few extra hours available, then make the most of that study time, rather than cramming minutes before the exam. To study for a multiple choice exam, its best to start several weeks in advance, studying in short bursts until test day. Organize Your Chapter Notes Your teacher has probably already given you much of the test content in your notes, quizzes, and former assignments. So, go back through the material. Rewrite your notes or type them up so theyre legible. Find the answers to incorrect quiz questions or problems you missed on your assignments. Organize everything so its ready to be studied. Set a Timer Dont spend three hours studying for a test in a row. Instead, select a chunk of material to master and set a timer for 45 minutes. Study with focused attention for all 45 minutes, then take a 5-10 minute break when the timer goes off. Once the break is over, repeat: set the timer for another 45 minutes, study, and take a break. Continue this process until youre confident in your knowledge of the material. Master the Material Youre going to have choices on this multiple choice exam (thats why its called multiple choice, after all). As long you can differentiate between the right and kinda right answers, youre likely to succeed. Remember, you dont have to recite any details- rather, youll just need to recognize correct information. For memorizing facts, use mnemonic devices like singing a song or drawing pictures to help you memorize the information. Use flashcards to memorize vocabulary.   When studying complex concepts or ideas, explain the idea out loud to yourself as if youre teaching it to someone else. Alternatively, explain the idea to a study partner, or write a paragraph about it in simple language. If youre a visual learner, draw a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting the concept with an idea that you already know well. Ask Someone to Quiz You To test your knowledge, ask a study partner to quiz you on the material. The best type of study partner will also ask you to explain your answer to see if you  really  know what youre talking about rather than just reciting the content.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 55

Essay Example ities are responsible for the diminishing quantity of water in the world today a feature that requires speedy and effective solution through a change of attitude in order to safeguard the provision of water thus the continuation of life on the planet as the discussion below portrays. Effective management of water requires both effective legislation and change of attitude of the population in order to embrace economical utilization of water. In such extreme cases of water shortage as is the case in California, the government must encourage the citizens to utilize water economically and effectively in order to ensure that everyone has adequate amount of water. The state government has for example formulated a number of legislations that will compel the population to utilize water appropriately. The legislation for example bans the use of water in the maintenance of lawns and golf courses among others. Such uses of water consume large volumes of clean and safe water that other people would require for consumption. Unsafe farming practices are some of the major factors that enhance the depletion of water resources. The use of fertilizers in farms pollute water sources a feature that renders safe and clean water unfit for human use. Furthermore, the chemicals in the fertilizers make the water unsafe for other animals that live and use in water (Charles, 2011). Farmers spend billions of gallons of clean water in irrigating their famers. They end up wasting most of such water since they do not employ strategies that maximize water usage. Most farmers divert such fundamental sources of water as rivers into their famers thereby destroying entire ecosystems besides wasting the water, the excess water from the farms flow back into the rivers. Such water is never safe for human consumption given the fact that they possess sedimentation. Furthermore, some of the water mixes with pesticides and herbicides among other chemicals from the farm. The population of humans continues